Improve code quality and address TypeScript errors for a robust application, making Lily the life jacket (and yourself) happy.

Update schema for image ID, alt text, and file uploads. Master file validation with Zod for size restrictions and error handling on client & server sides. 

Validating File Uploads with Zod Schema in a Web Application

[00:00] So, we're going to need to update our schema to account for the image ID in the file and the alt text fields. So, let's add an image ID. That's simple enough. It's a string. It's optional because there may not be an image yet. The alt text, also a pretty simple thing.

[00:17] That's also optional. You might want to say, alt text should always be required, but that's not super realistic and so we're not going to make it required. Yeah, you can get mad at me if you feel like it really should be. I can take it.

[00:36] And then we're going to say instance of file. So, the interesting thing with the file is that because we're parsing this as a multi-part form data, before we get to the parse step, whatever this form data object is, is what we want to actually validate here.

[00:53] And so, what's really cool about using the memory upload handler is that it turns the file from that stream that's being chunked into a file object. And so, you have to remember that the no editor schema is being used both in our action as

[01:11] well as on the client. And so, by using file as our type, the instance of here, and by using a file on the server as well as on the client, we're actually getting this same validation on both sides. I think that's pretty cool.

[01:30] This is a file type. Normally, this is going to end up being streamed somewhere and you'll get back a URL. And so, you'll have to do different validation whether it's on the server or on the client. So, in the client, you'll have to say it's got to be a file object. On the server, you've got to say it's got to be a URL to where that file lives and maybe some other metadata about it.

[01:49] And in our case, because we're chunking it up into an in-memory file, we can do this. And we're not just doing that for the workshop. I'm not cheating you out on some experience or anything. This is how I do it. I put it in memory. Now, again, if you're accepting huge video uploads or something like that, then yeah,

[02:08] you certainly wouldn't want to do things this way. But for a lot of the things that we're doing, just sticking it into a file in memory just temporarily works out really nicely. And it means that our note editor schema can be still used on the client and the server.

[02:25] If we did want to split those things up and say, hey, we've got to validate it differently, then we definitely have ways to do that. You simply add a super refine or a refine to these different fields. And that is another way that you could approach this. But we're good with just going with file. Okay.

[02:45] But we want to validate this file a little bit better. So we are, in fact, going to add a refine. And this, again, this is going to run both on the client and the server. And the refinement we want to make is that the file has the proper file size. So it can't be bigger than our max upload size of three megabytes.

[03:01] The benefit of putting this validation logic right here is that it means that users who try to upload them will get that error message there as well, which is pretty darn handy, I should say. Okay. And with that, we can also add an error message that says file is too large.

[03:19] So may as well explain. And typically, when you're doing a refine, you definitely want to provide an error message. And most of the time, you're going to want to provide error messages for these as well. But yeah, definitely for these refinements, because the error message itself is not going to be very useful otherwise. Okay, great.

[03:37] So we've got our schema all set up. And so now we can come down here and get rid of all of this stuff. In fact, we'll get rid of all that. And now this can come right here, we have image ID file, and alt text.

[03:56] And all of this is type safe and beautiful and amazing. And so we've got all of those properties there. And this needs to be ID, there we go. And it should all continue to work. So let's cross our fingers and hope that it does. Here we go.

[04:13] Cuddling and submit, boom, look at that. Awesome. So well done you on this exercise of adding validation to file uploads. So to review this quickly, we've got image ID and alt text. That's just typical Zod schema stuff.

[04:32] The file was a little bit interesting, because we have the fact that we want to validate this as a file on the client. We also want to validate this as a file on the server. And we can do that because it turns into a file object by the time it shows up in parse.

[04:49] I think it might be instructive or helpful for you to visualize that if we add a console log of form data.get file. And now if I change the file right here, and then this is going to be a server side log. So it'll be over here, I hit submit. And we're going to see right there. This is a blob.

[05:09] This is actually a file object, but it includes the size and the type and other information there. And you can dive into that a little bit deeper, again, going into the memory upload handler and seeing here it's creating this new file object. So that's why it's working.

[05:25] I really like that Remix just embraces the web platform and uses these web standards, because it makes my life as a developer easier. So there you go, we validated our file with our Zod schema. And now everything is super duper type safe and all of that goodness as well. Super cool.

TypeScript Integration

[00:00] This step, we're not actually going to change any behavior. Everything's going to work exactly the same as it did before. But now, we're going to make TypeScript happy. If TypeScript is happy, then Lily, the life jacket is happy, and if that emoji is happy, then I'm happy, and our users will be happy. Because TypeScript, again,

[00:18] it's not making your life terrible, it's just showing you how terrible your life is. We're going to listen to TypeScript, we're going to fix all of these issues, add the file to our schema. There's a little bit of special sauce going on in here to make all of that work. You're going to figure all that out, and then we're going to go through it together.

Forms are the primary mechanism for interactivity on the web.

But for all of their importance, forms can be incredibly frustrating for developers and users alike.

There are a lot of moving parts to consider: 

You need to validate user input and handle complex data structures, while being secure from bots and data-stealing attacks. The UI should inform users of any issues as quickly as possible, and be accessible for all.

The Professional Web Forms Workshop will equip you with the tools to handle all of these challenges and more.

## Form Validation

HTML has several attributes built-in that help with form element validation. Unfortunately, they're not enough on their own. On the client-side, bad actors can bypass checks by manually adding the `novalidate` attribute or making requests directly. On the server side, there's no standard way to respond to validation errors other than a generic 400 status code.

In this section, you'll implement a base level of form validation:

- Essential HTML attributes for validation
- Server-side validation with JSON responses
- Displaying errors with the `useActionData` hook
- Disabling default browser validation messages with `useHydrated`

## Accessibility

Accessibility is often an afterthought, but should be a priority. While forms are just one part of the accessibility equation, they're a big one. In this section, you'll learn how to make sure your forms accessible and usable by all of your application's users:

- Properly associating labels with input fields
- Adding appropriate ARIA attributes when necessary
- Manage keyboard focus in response to errors and user interactions
- Creating and using a `useFocus` hook to direct the user’s focus
- Considerations for accessibility testing

## Schema-Based Validation

Manually writing conditional checks for every field in every form is tedious and error-prone: *Is there content in the field? Is it the right type? Is it within the acceptable range? There must be a better way!*

Fortunately, the combination of the Zod and Conform libraries makes it easy to define reusable declarative schemas to validate form data on the client and server:

- Safely replace HTML validation attributes with schemas
- Zod error handling & message customization
- Progressively enhanced validation with Conform
- Share type-safe validation logic between client and server

## File Uploads

Forms need to support more than just text. Images, videos, audio files, and other documents need a different type of input. Depending on the size of the file, you'll have considerations for how and where it is uploaded. In this section, you'll learn how to handle file uploads in a secure and efficient way:

- Uploading images from an `ImageChooser` component
- Handling file uploads on the server
- Schema validation for file uploads with Zod

## Complex Data Structures

The `FormData` API does not support representing objects or arrays– only key/value pairs. It also won't allow you to nest forms within each other. This makes representing complex data structures difficult without jumping through some hoops. Luckily for us, Conform has a great solution when your forms get complex. Here you'll practice:

- Infer field types with Zod
- Nesting objects as a form
- Represent arrays of fields with the `useFieldList` utility
- Add and remove items with Conform's `intent` buttons

## Spam Prevention with Honeypots

Spam bots are constantly crawling the web, looking for forms to submit junk data to boost their client’s search engine rankings and find holes in your security. This can strain server resources, contaminate databases, and cause other unforeseen consequences. One way to combat this is by using a "honeypot", which will prevent a form from being submitted by a bot. This section will teach you how to:

- Create a simple hidden-field validation
- Add a configurable honeypot instance to an action
- Prevent form submissions that are too fast
- Use environment variables for encryption seeds

## CSRF Protection

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks are a type of malicious exploit where a user is tricked into performing an action they did not intend to. This is usually done by embedding a link or form in a page that the user is already authenticated to. Think of a user logged into their bank account clicking a link that transfers money from their bank account to the attacker's. To prevent this type of attack, you'll want to:

- Create a signed cookie in the user's browser
- Include unique user tokens in forms
- Validate tokens on the server via request headers

## Rate Limiting

You definitely want to prevent bad actors from making tons of requests to try to brute-force their way into your app or cause general chaos. However, malicious intent and spam aren't the only reasons you need to protect your site. Even too many legitimate requests can cause problems. Rate limiting is a way to prevent users from overloading your server with requests. Here you'll learn:

- Considerations for different limits for `GET` vs. `POST` requests
- Implementing basic rate limiting with Express middleware
- Tiered rate limiting depending on which form is being submitted

The Professional Web Forms Workshop will equip you for building complex, fully accessible forms that handle validation and file uploads while preventing spam.

Professional Web Forms

Kent C. Dodds

Full Stack Vol 1

Intro to Professional Web Forms Workshop

Introduction to Workshop

Intro to Form Validation 

Discover the importance of validation in web apps. Learn to implement required field validation for data integrity and UX enhancement.

Leverage HTML attributes for form validation, enhancing UX and accessibility. Explore browser validation and screen reader integration for user guidance.

Form Validation for Accessibility

Required Field Validation for User Input

Implement server-side validation to enhance security and user assistance, preventing client-side bypass. Customize error messages for a seamless design.

Master server-side form validation for data integrity and user-friendly error messages. Enhance UX by securely validating input before server processing.

Server-Side Form Validation and Error Handling

Server-side Validation and Custom Error Messages

Prevent incorrect form submissions pre-JavaScript with novalidate attribute using useHydrated hook. Elevate UX, maintain data integrity.

Optimize form validation with 'useHydrated' hook for client-side hydration. Enhance UX with browser-built and server-side validation synergy.

Form Validation with Client-Side Hydration

Dynamic Error Validation with Hooks

Dad Joke Break From Validation

Form Validation

Intro to Accessibility

Learn how to troubleshoot and fix issues with a non-functioning reset button and accessibility problems in a web form.

Learn how to properly associate buttons and form elements, such as the reset button, with their respective forms for improved functionality and accessibility.

Improving Accessibility and Form Associations

Fixing Form Reset Button and Accessibility Issues

Associate error messages with input fields via ARIA attributes for precise screen reader notifications. Learn about semantic HTML and ARIA for accessibility.

Use ARIA attributes like ARIA invalid & describedby. Link error messages to inputs for improved screen reader support, aiding assistive tech users.

Accessible Forms with ARIA Attributes

Error Messages and Accessibility with ARIA Attributes

Enhance app accessibility & UX with focus management: auto-focus error fields, programmable forms, & better editing. Create an inclusive, user-friendly app.

Enhance React app accessibility and UX: auto-focus form inputs and navigate to error messages for improved handling of form errors.

Managing Focus for Form Errors

Focus Management for Better User Experience

Dad Break Joke Accessibility

Accessibility

Intro to Schema Validation

Optimize development with Zod schema validation. Boost efficiency and code robustness, replacing custom logic for an enhanced developer experience. 

Learn how to implement schema validation using Zod in a note editor application. Discover how to define and enforce data

Schema Validation with Zod 

Schema Validation 

Data parsing with Conform's Conform utility. Apply server-side logic and streamline development with additional UI utilities for efficient form handling.

Improve UX & enable progressive enhancement: Replace form validation & error handling with powerful Zod utility in your app

 Form Submission and Error Handling with Conform & Zod

Form Data Parsing with Conform

Enhance UI with Conform's React utilities for end-to-end type safety. Leverage progressive enhancement for a fabulous development experience.

Eliminate custom code for better UX. Seamlessly manage form submission and client-side validation with Conform, ensuring robust server-side validation

Simplifying Form Handling with Conform and Schema Validation

Type Safety with Conform

Dad Joke Break Schema Validation

Schema Validation

Intro to File Upload

Add file upload to edit page for user-friendly image & file attachments. Handle uploads in Remix, enforcing size limits. 

Integrate image upload with form data and memory handling. Use image chooser, manage existing images, set encoding, size limit, and specify alt text. 

Image Upload with Form Data and Memory Upload Handling

File Upload Functionality 

Dad Joke Break File Upload

File Upload

Intro to Complex Structures 

Address challenges in grouping properties into sub-objects in forms, especially for multiple image uploads. Satisfy Zod's requirements for seamless integration.

Learn to add image field set schema to Zod schema, update HTML elements, and integrate with Conform for type safety and form functionality. 

Implementing Image Field Set with Conform and TypeScript

Grouping and Managing Related Fields in Form Objects

Update your app's schema for multiple images, adapt actions/components, and enable seamless addition/removal of multiple images for an enhanced user experience.

Master dynamic image lists with Qualifax: add and remove images effortlessly. Update schema, implement field sets, and iterate through image choosers with ease.

Dynamic Image Lists with Field Sets 

Multiple Image Uploading 

Dynamic image addition and deletion with alt text functionality, progressive enhancements, and input submission using Conform utilities in web development

Master dynamic button generation for form accessibility using Conform utilities. Modify field sets with list functions, explore progressive enhancement.

Dynamically Delete and Add Buttons

 Interactive Image Management

Dad Joke Break Complex Structures 

Complex Structures

Intro to Honeypot

Add a hidden input field honeypot to deter spam bots, enhance deliverability, and prevent spam issues. Explore additional tips for form security.

Boost sign-up form security with invisible honeypot fields to catch spam bots. Discover effective techniques for handling bot submissions in your app.

Honeypot Fields in Sign Up Forms

Adding a Honeypot to Protect Against Spam Bots

Protect your website from spam bots with automatic updates to Honeypot configurations.

Enhance security with Remix Utils Honeypot fields. Customize divs, ARIA, and server-side validation to deter spam. Best practices for errors and HTTP codes.

Honeypot Fields for Form Security

Honeypot Protection with `remix-utils`

Efficiently implement Honeypot security on forms: Transfer server data to client for reliable bot protection.

Implement honeypot protection: Create provider, configure props, render components, prevent quick form submission, thwart automated bots.

Honeypot Protection

Honeypots for Form Security 

Ensure consistent Honeypot encryption secret across servers and regions for form data integrity and conflict avoidance

Securely add honeypot secret to server validation, configure in local .env for data protection.

Setting Up Honeypot Security for Server Environment Variables

Consistent Encryption with Honeypot Server

Dad Joke Break Honeypot

Honeypot

Intro to CSRF

Implement CSRF protection: Generate tokens, set secure cookies, associate with clients, and use environment variables.

Implement Node.js CSRF utility: Generate tokens, secure cookies, prevent cross-site request forgery attacks.  

Creating and Managing CSRF Tokens With Node.js

CSRF Protection with Cookies 

Protect user data with authenticity tokens: Render, verify, and enhance user experience.

Secure forms with Authenticity Token input and CSRF validation for protection against tampering. Improve security and error responses.

Security with Authenticity Token and CSRF Validation

Authenticity With Token Protection 

Dad Joke Break CSRF

Cross-Site Request Forgery

Intro to Rate Limit 

Learn how to implement rate limiting middleware in Express for efficient resource management in your server.

Safeguarding Your Server: Adding Rate Limit Configuration

Optimizing Your Express Server with Rate Limiting Middleware

Implement tiered rate limiting: Strong for sign-up/login, moderate for posts, and general defense. Custom middleware assigns tiers.

Professional Web Forms

Professional Web Forms

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TypeScript Integration

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