Escaping Strings

[00:00] Let's get started by using console dot log. It's working. Now my AI assistant was like, it'll be easier to just use double quotes here, but I wanna show you how to escape with a single quote. So we have single quotes. We escape with this backslash right here.

[00:17] The backslash is just a special character inside of a string. It's a special syntax that says, the thing that follows this character is not to be interpreted as usual. So normally, that would be interpreted as the end of the string. We are saying don't interpret it as that. It is this special apostrophe character.

[00:36] So, my, formatter is actually going to replace that with double quotes. And the formatter is just that. It's just formatting. It's not gonna change behavior of the program at all. It's just changing it to be a little bit easier to read because you can actually format this like this.

[00:54] And, that is a perfectly valid program, but it's hard to read. So the formatter is just gonna make things look a little bit nicer. And one of those things is replacing the double quote with or the single quote with a double quote so we don't have to escape. So that there there you go. That's kind of interesting.

[01:11] But now you know. And here, we want to do double quotes, and we're going to escape that. So that is how, you use double quotes and escape those double quotes. But again, it's the formatter is gonna say, how about we just do single quotes for this one? Now here's one where the formatter is not going to change anything, because it would change behavior if it tried.

[01:32] And that is to use double quotes. You could use single quotes as well. But we want the words hello and world to be on separate lines. So we're gonna say hello and then we use a backslash and the letter n. So normally, if you just did n, it would be hello hello hello hello on world.

[01:53] But, in our case, we actually want a new line there. And so we're going to add this backslash that will interpret that n as a special character being a new line character. And so if I save that, you're actually not gonna see that in here. And, actually, by the time you take this workshop, I'll I'll get that fixed, so that this logs properly. So I'm gonna pull this up just to make sure that we've got this working.

[02:15] And here we get hello and then new line character and world. So that is working. And then finally, tabs are another thing that, that you can do. So here we can, add a bunch of, like, table headers or whatever. We've got name, age, city, John, 25, New York, Jane, 30, Los Angeles, and Jim, 35.

[02:35] Thank you AI for helping us make that, work nicely. You can't really see that in here either. I'll see if I can fix that, by the time you take this, workshop. But if you run the, node index, you'll see that those tab characters are working as they you would expect, and those things are lining up nicely like it's a table. So there are, like I said, a ton of different things that you can escape in JavaScript strings.

[03:03] These are just a couple of the most common ones. There are actually better ways to do multiline strings now in JavaScript as well with back ticks. And we'll look at that a little bit later, pretty soon. But this, hopefully, gives you a good idea when you're reviewing your AI code or whatever what's going on inside of those strings.

[00:00] Now, we do have these strings but we're using those quotes. And you remember how in the last exercise we had to switch between double quote and single quote based on what the contents of the string were? Well, what if you're using single quotes and you need to both use an apostrophe and use double quotes inside of there? Which are you going to use? Well, it turns out that there's a mechanism for escaping those special kinds of characters.

[00:22] The other thing to consider is like what about multiple lines? What if I've got like a whole bunch of things I need to say all in one big string? Well, the syntax for a string, it needs everything to be on a single line. So what are we gonna do about that? What if I wanna tab character?

[00:37] A whole bunch of others. There's actually a lot of different ways to, what we call escape characters inside of a string so that they're interpreted special in a special way by the JavaScript compiler that's actually running on the code that we're passing to it. So in this exercise, you are going to be using some of those escape sequences and getting a little bit better idea of how all of that works together. So I'm gonna let you work on this one. We'll see you when you're done.

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## Expressions & Output

Every program needs a way to tell you what it's doing. Without output, you're flying blind-- writing code with no way to verify it works. This is the very first skill you need as a developer.

In this section, you'll get your programs talking back to you while learning the building blocks of every piece of code you'll ever write:

- Outputting values with `console.log`
- String expressions and concatenation
- Number expressions and arithmetic operators
- Escaping special characters in strings
- Template literals with interpolation and multiline support

## Variables

Hardcoded values can only get you so far. Real programs need to store, reference, and update data as they run. Without a solid understanding of how variables work, you'll constantly be confused by unexpected behavior.

Variables are foundational to every program you'll ever write. Here you'll learn how to declare them, when to use each type, and a critical nuance that trips up even experienced developers:

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- Why `const` doesn't always mean the value can't change

## Primitive Types

JavaScript has types whether you think about them or not. Every value in every variable carries a type, and ignoring that fact leads to bugs that are hard to track down. TypeScript makes these types explicit, catching entire categories of errors before your code ever runs.

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- The difference between `null` and `undefined`
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Making decisions is at the heart of every program. Should this button be enabled? Does this user have access? Is the cart empty? All of these questions boil down to comparisons and boolean logic.

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- Combining conditions with logical AND (`&&`), OR (`||`), and NOT (`!`)
- Order of operations with logical operators
- Using parentheses to make complex conditions explicit

## Truthiness & Falsiness

JavaScript has a unique feature where every value has an inherent "truthiness" or "falsiness." This isn't a bug-- it's one of the most practical features of the language once you understand it. But misunderstanding it leads to some of the most confusing behavior new developers encounter.

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- Practical patterns like checking array length and optional values
- Avoiding common pitfalls with logical operators and coercion

## Functions

Up to this point, your programs run top to bottom and that's it. Functions change everything. They let you take a chunk of code, put it somewhere reusable, and call it from anywhere-- with different inputs each time.

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- Arrow functions and implicit returns
- Passing functions as arguments to other functions
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TypeScript is smart. You don't have to type everything explicitly-- TypeScript can often figure out the types for you by looking at your code. Knowing when to lean on inference and when to be explicit is a skill that makes your code cleaner and your development faster.

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- How TypeScript infers return types from your function body
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- Implicit returns for single-expression functions
- The hoisting difference between declarations and expressions
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Not every function returns something useful, and some code paths should never be reached. TypeScript has dedicated types for both of these situations, and understanding them helps you write more precise, self-documenting code.

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- The `void` type for functions that don't return a value
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- Using `never` to enforce exhaustive checks
- Throwing errors to halt execution and signal failures
- Practical patterns for input validation with error throwing

Programming Foundations

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Object Oriented TypeScript

Advanced TypeScript

Practical TypeScript: Foundations to Fluency

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Escaping Strings

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